The cocci in gram-positive Children, the elderly, and people with impaired immune systems are susceptible to pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, and bacteremia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The most common cause of pneumonia in children worldwide is pneumococcal infection. Additionally, pneumococcal infections are common in at-risk groups, such as people with diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular illness, HIV, and sickle cell disease. About 30% of all adult pneumonia cases in affluent nations are caused by pneumococcal infection, which has a mortality rate of 11% to 40%.
In order to lower the prevalence of pneumococcal illness throughout the past 30 years, health care initiatives have depended on Pneumococcal Vaccines due to this organism's effects on morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. The antigens exploited in vaccine research are the immunogenic proteins and carbohydrates found on the pneumococcal surface. This review aims to outline the development of the Pneumococcal Vaccines currently available, the current recommendations for their use in children, adults, and special populations, as well as the new protein antigens that are currently being developed in response to the need for serotype replacement following the introduction of polysaccharide vaccines.
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